Role of AI in Color Correction and Grading for Videos
In the ever-evolving world of video production, two key processes stand at the forefront of transforming a good video into a great one: color correction and grading. Color correction is the process of adjusting the color balance and contrast of video footage to ensure that the colors are uniform and true-to-life across all shots. Color grading, on the other hand, takes this a step further by altering the visual tone and aesthetic of the footage to convey a specific mood or style, truly bringing the story to life. Together, these techniques are essential in the post-production phase, enabling creators to achieve a polished, professional look that resonates with their audience. The journey of video editing technologies has been nothing short of remarkable. From the manual, labor-intensive processes of the past to the highly sophisticated software of today, each advancement has aimed to provide more control, efficiency, and creativity in video production. Enter the age of artificial intelligence (AI). AI technologies have begun to play a pivotal role in this domain, offering groundbreaking tools that automate and enhance color correction and grading. By leveraging AI, video editors can now achieve more accurate and consistent results in a fraction of the time it would take manually. But the role of AI in color correction and grading for videos extends beyond just efficiency and precision. One of the most significant contributions of AI technology is its ability to make high-quality video production more accessible to creators at all levels. With AI-powered tools, even those with limited experience or resources can achieve professional-grade color quality in their videos. This democratization of video production quality is a game-changer, opening up new opportunities for creative expression and storytelling across the globe. As we continue to embrace the capabilities of AI in video enhancement, the potential for innovation and creativity in video production is boundless, promising a future where the only limit is our imagination.
The Basics of Color Correction and Grading
Color correction and color grading, though often used interchangeably, serve distinct purposes in the realm of video production, each playing a critical role in the visual storytelling process. Color correction is the foundational step that involves adjusting the colors of footage to ensure they are balanced and consistent. This process corrects any issues with exposure, white balance, and contrast to make sure that the colors in the video accurately reflect real life. It’s about achieving a natural look across various shots, making sure that each scene matches the others in terms of lighting and color temperatures.
Color grading, on the other hand, is an artistic endeavor. Once the footage has been corrected and balanced, color grading is applied to give the video a specific look or feel. This could mean anything from creating a cold, bleak atmosphere for a dramatic scene to invoking a warm, vibrant setting for a joyful moment. Color grading sets the tone and mood of the story, enhancing the narrative and evoking emotional responses from the audience. It allows creators to push their visuals into a realm that transcends mere realism, adding depth and emotion to the narrative.
Traditionally, both color correction and grading required a significant amount of time and expertise. Video editors would manually adjust each clip using a variety of tools and software, a process that could be incredibly time-consuming and often required a detailed understanding of color theory and video editing software. Challenges included maintaining consistency across shots filmed under different lighting conditions, matching footage from various cameras, and achieving the director’s vision for the mood and style of the video. The complexity of these tasks meant that high-quality color work was often reserved for high-budget productions.
However, the advent of artificial intelligence (AI) in the video editing landscape is beginning to revolutionize these processes. AI-powered tools and software are now capable of analyzing footage at a granular level, automating many of the tedious and complex aspects of color correction and grading. These tools can quickly adjust colors to a balanced state, match shots for consistency, and even apply predefined color grading styles based on the genre or mood of the content. AI is not only streamlining these processes, making them more efficient and less labor-intensive but also making advanced color correction and grading techniques more accessible to creators with varying levels of experience and resources. This shift is not only enhancing the quality of video content across the board but also opening up new creative possibilities, as AI continues to evolve and integrate into the creative workflow of video production.
How AI is Revolutionizing Color Correction
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the field of color correction in video production by automating and enhancing tasks that once required hours of manual labor by skilled professionals. At the heart of this revolution are sophisticated AI algorithms capable of analyzing video footage frame by frame, assessing color values, exposure levels, and contrasts with remarkable precision. These algorithms compare the footage against a vast database of color-corrected images and videos to automatically adjust colors, ensuring they match the desired output without the need for human intervention. This process not only speeds up the color correction workflow but also ensures a high level of accuracy that might be challenging to achieve manually.
One of the most significant benefits of employing AI in color correction is the achievement of consistent color tones across different scenes. Ensuring continuity in visual storytelling can be particularly challenging when dealing with footage shot under varying lighting conditions or with different cameras. AI excels in this area by analyzing the entirety of the footage to identify and correct discrepancies, ensuring that each scene seamlessly transitions into the next, maintaining a coherent visual style throughout the video. This consistency is crucial for maintaining the viewer’s immersion in the story, as jarring visual shifts can distract and detract from the narrative experience.
Furthermore, AI’s capacity for learning and adaptation is perhaps its most groundbreaking aspect. AI algorithms are designed to learn from the vast amounts of data they process, meaning that every piece of footage they analyze and every correction they make enhances their ability to perform more accurately in the future. When human editors make adjustments to AI-suggested corrections, the AI system can learn from these modifications, understanding the preferences and intentions behind the human editor’s decisions. Over time, this results in a collaborative tool that not only understands the technical aspects of color correction but also begins to grasp the more subjective, artistic nuances, making AI an increasingly valuable partner in the creative process.
The evolution of AI in color correction represents a significant leap forward in video production, enabling creators to achieve professional-grade visuals with greater efficiency and precision. By automating the technical aspects of color correction, AI allows editors and filmmakers to focus more on the creative and storytelling aspects of their work, pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in visual media. As AI technology continues to advance, its integration into video editing workflows promises to unlock new horizons in film and video production, making high-quality visual storytelling accessible to a wider range of creators.
AI and Color Grading: Crafting the Perfect Mood
AI technologies are not just revolutionizing the technical aspects of video production through color correction but are also redefining the art of color grading. Color grading, the process of altering the visual tone of a video, is essential in storytelling, allowing creators to evoke specific emotions, accentuate themes, or convey a particular time period. AI is enhancing this creative process by offering tools that can analyze the narrative context and visual elements of footage to suggest or apply color grading that complements the story being told.
AI-powered color grading tools use complex algorithms to understand the mood, genre, and key elements of a scene. By drawing on vast databases of film and video content, these tools can identify patterns and associations between visual styles and narrative elements. For instance, an AI tool might recognize a suspenseful scene through its pacing, composition, and dialogue, suggesting a color palette that heightens tension, such as cooler tones or desaturated colors.
Several AI tools in the market are capable of mimicking specific cinematographic styles or directorial visions. These tools can analyze the unique color grading signatures of renowned directors or iconic films and apply similar styles to new footage. For example, if a creator wants their video to reflect the visual style of a classic noir film or a contemporary director known for their distinctive color grading, AI can automatically adjust the color palette to match these preferences. This not only saves time but also makes high-level creative direction more accessible to creators without extensive experience in color grading.
Moreover, the potential for AI to suggest creative grading options based on the video content itself is particularly exciting. Through machine learning, AI systems can suggest grading styles that enhance the narrative, suggest changes based on the time of day a scene is supposed to represent, or even adjust tones to match the emotional arc of the story. For instance, an AI might suggest warmer, brighter colors for scenes conveying happiness and cold, muted colors for scenes intended to evoke sadness or tension.
This intelligent analysis and suggestion process opens up new avenues for creativity in video production. By offering insights and recommendations, AI tools empower creators to explore new visual styles and storytelling techniques they might not have considered otherwise. As these AI technologies continue to evolve, they hold the promise of further democratizing video production, allowing creators to experiment with and achieve professional-grade color grading, thereby enhancing the emotional impact and visual storytelling of their projects.
The Advantages of Using AI for Video Editors
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into video editing, particularly in the realms of color correction and grading, presents a myriad of advantages that significantly enhance the efficiency, creativity, and accessibility of video production. These benefits not only streamline workflows but also democratize the creation of high-quality content, making it more feasible for creators of all backgrounds to bring their visions to life.
1. Time and Cost Efficiencies
One of the most immediate benefits of using AI for color correction and grading is the remarkable savings in time and costs. Traditionally, these processes required meticulous manual adjustments by skilled professionals, often consuming hours or even days for complex projects. AI dramatically accelerates this process by automating adjustments, analyzing footage, and applying corrections or grading across scenes in a fraction of the time. This efficiency can significantly reduce production timelines and, by extension, the labor costs associated with post-production work. For production companies and independent creators alike, these savings can free up budget resources for other aspects of production or even make previously unfeasible projects viable.
2. Focus on Creative Aspects
By handling the more technical and tedious aspects of color correction and grading, AI allows video editors to direct their attention and energy towards the creative and storytelling aspects of their projects. Freed from the time-consuming tasks of manually adjusting color balances and tones, editors can focus on refining the narrative, exploring creative color grading options, and experimenting with visual storytelling techniques. This shift not only enhances the quality of the final product but also enriches the creative experience for editors, encouraging innovation and artistic exploration in their work.
3. Accessibility to Professional-Quality Edits
Perhaps one of the most transformative advantages of AI in video editing is the democratization of access to professional-quality color correction and grading. AI-powered editing tools have become increasingly user-friendly and affordable, making them accessible to a broad range of content creators, from amateur filmmakers and YouTubers to small production studios. This accessibility ensures that high-quality visual storytelling is no longer the exclusive domain of high-budget productions. With AI, creators can achieve a polished, professional look that enhances the viewer’s experience and competes with content produced by larger studios. This leveling of the playing field is empowering a new generation of creators, enabling them to share their stories with the world in visually stunning ways.
In summary, the advantages of using AI for video editors are transformative, offering significant time and cost efficiencies, enabling a greater focus on creativity, and making professional-quality video production accessible to a wider range of creators. As AI technology continues to evolve and integrate into video editing workflows, it promises to further revolutionize the field, pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in video content creation.
Real-world Applications and Case Studies
The application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in video color correction and grading is not just theoretical; it’s already making a tangible impact across various sectors of the video production industry. From blockbuster films to independent web series, AI is playing a crucial role in enhancing visual storytelling. Here, we explore some real-world case studies that illustrate the transformative effect of AI on video production.
Case Study 1: Independent Film Production
An independent film director leveraged AI-powered tools for color correction and grading to achieve a cinematic look on a limited budget. The film, shot in various lighting conditions with minimal crew, faced significant challenges in achieving visual consistency. By using an AI color correction tool, the production team was able to automatically match the color and lighting of scenes shot at different times of the day, significantly speeding up the post-production process. For color grading, the director used an AI tool that suggested grading styles based on the film’s mood and genre, enabling a sophisticated visual narrative that rivaled bigger-budget productions. The result was a visually cohesive film that received acclaim at various film festivals, highlighting the democratizing power of AI in filmmaking.
Case Study 2: Television Series Enhancement
A television production company implemented AI in the color grading process of a popular series to maintain visual consistency across episodes. Given the fast-paced nature of TV production schedules, maintaining a uniform look can be challenging, especially when dealing with multiple directors and cinematographers. The AI system analyzed previous episodes to understand the series’ visual style and applied these insights to grade new episodes, ensuring consistency. This application of AI not only streamlined the post-production workflow but also ensured that the series maintained its visual identity, enhancing the viewer’s experience across seasons.
Case Study 3: Online Content Creation
An online content creator used an AI-based color correction tool to enhance the visual quality of their videos, attracting a larger audience. The content, ranging from educational videos to personal vlogs, was filmed with basic equipment and natural lighting. The AI tool corrected color imbalances and adjusted exposure, making the videos look more professional without manual intervention. Furthermore, by using AI for dynamic color grading, the creator was able to experiment with different moods and styles, making each video unique and engaging. The improved visual quality led to increased viewer engagement and subscription rates, showcasing the impact of AI on enhancing online content.
Impact Analysis
These case studies underscore the versatility and impact of AI in color correction and grading across various contexts. In independent film production, AI levels the playing field, allowing creators with limited resources to achieve cinematic quality. In television, AI ensures visual consistency and efficiency, crucial for maintaining brand identity and meeting tight schedules. For online content creators, AI opens up opportunities for creativity and professionalism, crucial factors for standing out in a crowded digital landscape.
The common thread across these applications is the enhancement of visual storytelling through accessible, efficient, and high-quality color correction and grading. As AI technology continues to evolve and integrate into video production workflows, its impact is poised to expand, promising even more innovative applications and success stories in the realm of video content creation.
AI Tools and Technologies in the Market
The market for AI-powered video editing tools, particularly for color correction and grading, has seen significant growth, offering solutions that cater to various needs and skill levels. These tools are designed to streamline the editing process, enhance creative possibilities, and make high-quality production accessible to a wider audience. Here’s an overview of some notable AI tools and technologies currently available in the market, highlighting their key features, usability, and target user base.
1. DaVinci Resolve
Key Features: DaVinci Resolve is a comprehensive video editing software that integrates advanced AI capabilities for color correction and grading. It features neural engine technology that automates tasks like color matching, facial recognition for automatic skin tone adjustments, and scene cut detection for seamless edits.
Usability: While it boasts professional-grade features, DaVinci Resolve offers an intuitive interface that accommodates both beginners and experts. Its AI functionalities simplify complex color grading tasks, making it accessible to a broader range of users.
Target User Base: DaVinci Resolve is suited for professional video editors, colorists, and filmmakers who require robust editing capabilities, as well as content creators looking for professional-quality results.
Integration: Its comprehensive suite of editing tools means it can serve as a standalone editing software or be integrated into existing workflows with support for various file formats and compatibility with other editing platforms.
2. Adobe Premiere Pro and After Effects
Key Features: Adobe’s video editing software, Premiere Pro, along with After Effects for motion graphics and visual effects, incorporates AI through Adobe Sensei. These tools offer features like Auto Reframe for intelligent resizing of videos to different aspect ratios and Color Match for harmonizing colors across shots.
Usability: Known for their user-friendly interfaces, these Adobe products cater to a wide range of skill levels, from hobbyists to professionals. The integration of AI simplifies complex processes, allowing users to focus more on the creative aspects.
Target User Base: Adobe Premiere Pro and After Effects are aimed at professional videographers, editors, and motion graphics designers, as well as content creators and marketers who need to produce high-quality video content efficiently.
Integration: As part of the Adobe Creative Cloud, these tools offer seamless integration with other Adobe applications and services, enhancing workflow continuity and collaboration among creative teams.
3. Final Cut Pro X
Key Features: Final Cut Pro X from Apple includes AI-driven options like Smart Conform, which uses machine learning to crop and frame video content intelligently for various aspect ratios without losing key action or subjects in the frame.
Usability: With a focus on speed and efficiency, Final Cut Pro X balances advanced features with an interface that’s approachable for users at different levels of expertise. Its AI features streamline editing tasks, especially for social media content.
Target User Base: This software is designed for professional video editors and content creators who prefer a Mac ecosystem, offering powerful editing capabilities without the complexity of more traditional professional tools.
Integration: Final Cut Pro X is designed to work seamlessly within the Apple ecosystem, with easy integration with other Apple apps and services, making it a convenient choice for those already using Apple products for content creation.
4. ColorAI
Key Features: ColorAI is a more specialized AI tool focused exclusively on color grading, using AI to suggest and apply color grading based on the mood, genre, or style of the video.
Usability: This tool is designed to be intuitive and easy to use, catering to users who may not have extensive experience in color grading but wish to achieve professional-level aesthetics in their videos.
Target User Base: Ideal for independent filmmakers, YouTube creators, and social media content producers looking for an efficient way to enhance their videos with advanced color grading without the need for deep technical expertise.
Integration: While standalone in its functionality, ColorAI can complement existing workflows by allowing users to export graded footage for further editing in their preferred video editing software.
These AI tools and technologies represent just a snapshot of the rapidly evolving video editing landscape. Each offers unique features and benefits, catering to a wide range of creative needs and skill levels. As AI continues to advance, we can expect to see even more innovative solutions that further streamline video production workflows, enhance creative possibilities, and democratize access to high-quality video content creation.
Challenges and Limitations of AI in Video Editing
Despite the transformative impact of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in video editing, particularly in tasks like color correction and grading, there remain several challenges and limitations that underscore the importance of human oversight in the creative process. These challenges not only pertain to the technological capabilities of AI but also to ethical considerations and the nuances of artistic intent.
Understanding Artistic Intent and Context
One of the principal limitations of AI in video editing is its current inability to fully comprehend the artistic intent and contextual nuances behind creative decisions. While AI algorithms can analyze patterns, colors, and even the structure of video content, they lack the depth of understanding that comes from human experience and cultural context. For example, an AI might suggest a color grading that technically fits the scene but fails to capture the director’s unique vision or the emotional subtleties intended for the audience. This gap highlights the critical role of the human editor in guiding the AI, ensuring that the final product aligns with the creative goals of the project.
Ethical Considerations and Potential for Misuse
The advancement of AI in video editing also brings to light ethical considerations, particularly regarding the manipulation of visuals. AI tools capable of altering images and videos with high precision open up possibilities for misuse, such as creating misleading or deceptive content. There’s a growing need for ethical guidelines and oversight to ensure that AI technology is used responsibly, respecting the truth and integrity of visual content. Furthermore, the accessibility of AI tools raises questions about copyright and the originality of content, pressing the need for clear policies and practices that protect creators’ rights while fostering innovation.
The Importance of the Human Touch
The limitations of AI underscore the irreplaceable value of the human touch in the creative process of video editing. Human editors bring emotional intelligence, cultural awareness, and artistic sensitivity to the table—qualities that AI currently cannot replicate. The nuanced understanding of storytelling, audience engagement, and visual aesthetics rests with human creators, who use AI as a tool to enhance their creative vision rather than replace it. The collaborative relationship between AI and human editors maximizes the strengths of both, with AI handling the more technical, labor-intensive tasks and humans steering the creative direction.
In conclusion, while AI brings remarkable efficiencies and capabilities to video editing, its limitations remind us of the essential role of human creativity and ethical considerations in the production of meaningful, responsible, and culturally resonant content. As AI technology continues to evolve, the challenge lies in harnessing its potential responsibly while nurturing the human artistic spirit that lies at the heart of creative storytelling. Balancing the strengths of AI with the irreplaceable insights and intuition of human creators will remain key to pushing the boundaries of video production in ethical and artistically fulfilling ways.
The Future of AI in Color Correction and Grading
The future of AI in color correction and grading, and video editing at large, promises an era of unprecedented innovation and creativity. As AI technology continues to evolve, we stand on the brink of groundbreaking advancements that could redefine the landscape of video production, making it more efficient, accessible, and expressive. Here’s a glimpse into the potential future developments and their implications for the film and video content creation industry.
Future Advancements in AI Technology
One of the most exciting prospects is the development of AI systems with enhanced understanding of artistic intent and narrative context. Imagine AI tools that can analyze the script and director’s notes to automatically suggest color grading styles that match the emotional tone and thematic elements of the story. Such advancements would significantly streamline the post-production process, allowing creators to experiment with different visual styles effortlessly.
Moreover, ongoing research in machine learning and computer vision is likely to yield AI algorithms that offer even more precise and nuanced color correction capabilities. These algorithms could automatically adjust for specific lighting conditions, time of day, or even weather, ensuring that the final output matches the creator’s vision with minimal manual intervention.
Breakthroughs in AI and Their Impact
Emerging research is also exploring the integration of AI with virtual and augmented reality, opening up new dimensions in video editing and content creation. AI could be used to automate the color grading of 360-degree video content, enhancing the immersive experience of virtual reality environments. This would not only expand the creative palette for filmmakers and content creators but also push the boundaries of audience engagement and storytelling.
Another potential breakthrough is the development of AI systems capable of real-time color correction and grading during live broadcasts. This advancement would revolutionize live event coverage, sports broadcasting, and real-time content creation, ensuring cinematic quality visuals are delivered instantaneously to viewers.
Effects on the Film and Video Content Creation Industry
These advancements in AI technology are poised to democratize the video production process further, making high-quality video content creation accessible to a broader range of creators. This democratization could spur a surge in independent filmmaking and content creation, diversifying the voices and stories represented in media.
Furthermore, the efficiency and cost-effectiveness brought about by AI in color correction and grading could encourage more experimentation and risk-taking among filmmakers and content creators. With the ability to quickly and easily alter the visual tone of a piece, creators can explore new narrative possibilities and visual storytelling techniques without the constraints of traditional post-production processes.
However, as AI becomes more integral to video editing, there will be an increased emphasis on the ethical use of these technologies. The industry will need to navigate the challenges of authenticity, copyright, and creative integrity, ensuring that AI serves to enhance human creativity rather than diminish it.
In conclusion, the future of AI in color correction and grading holds the promise of transforming video production into a more efficient, accessible, and creatively fulfilling endeavor. As we look forward to these advancements, the film and video content creation industry must prepare to embrace new technologies while upholding the values of artistic expression and ethical responsibility.
Read AI-Powered Video Editing Software-The Future of Post-Production
Conclusion: The Symbiotic Relationship Between AI and Creatives
The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into video color correction and grading has marked a significant milestone in the evolution of video production, heralding a new era where technology and human creativity converge to redefine the art of visual storytelling. This transformative role of AI has not only streamlined the post-production process but has also opened up new realms of creative possibilities, enabling video editors and content creators to achieve unprecedented levels of precision and artistic expression in their work.
AI’s ability to automate and enhance the tedious and complex aspects of color correction and grading has liberated creatives from the technical constraints of the past. By handling the heavy lifting of ensuring visual consistency and applying sophisticated color grading techniques, AI allows creators to focus more on the narrative and aesthetic elements of their projects. This symbiotic relationship between AI and human creativity ensures that the final product is not just technically proficient but also emotionally resonant and visually captivating.
However, the true power of this partnership lies in the balance between leveraging AI’s capabilities and nurturing the unique insights, intuition, and artistic vision that only humans possess. While AI provides the tools to bring creative visions to life with greater efficiency and precision, it is the human touch—the understanding of story, emotion, and audience—that imbues content with meaning and impact. This interplay between AI technology and human creativity is where the magic of modern video production lies.
As we look to the future, the invitation to video editors and content creators is clear: explore and embrace AI tools in your creative processes. Experiment with the myriad of AI-powered options available, from color correction to grading and beyond, and discover how they can enhance your storytelling capabilities. By integrating AI into your workflow, you can not only achieve visually stunning content but also push the boundaries of what’s possible in video production.
In embracing AI, creators are not ceding their artistic control but rather augmenting their creative toolkit. The journey ahead is one of collaboration, where AI serves as a catalyst for innovation and creativity, empowering creators to tell their stories in more impactful and visually stunning ways than ever before. Let’s venture into this new era of video production with openness and enthusiasm, exploring the limitless potential of the symbiotic relationship between AI and human creativity.
Join the AI Video Editing Revolution
The dawn of the AI video editing revolution is upon us, heralding a future where creativity meets technology in ways we’ve only begun to explore. As we stand on the brink of this exciting frontier, the call to action for video editors, filmmakers, and content creators is clear: Dive into the world of AI-based color correction and grading tools, and see for yourself the transformative impact they can have on your creative workflow.
Experiment with AI Tools: Start by exploring the various AI-powered video editing software available today. From industry giants like Adobe Premiere Pro, DaVinci Resolve, and Final Cut Pro X, to specialized tools like ColorAI, there’s a plethora of options designed to cater to your unique creative needs. Take advantage of free trials, tutorials, and workshops to get a hands-on feel for how AI can enhance your color correction and grading processes.
Join Communities and Forums: The journey into AI video editing is one best traveled with fellow creators. Join online forums, social media groups, and communities dedicated to video editing and AI technology. Platforms like Reddit, Creative Cow, and the user forums of Adobe, Blackmagic Design (DaVinci Resolve), and Apple (Final Cut Pro) are rich with discussions, advice, and shared experiences. These communities are invaluable resources for learning new tips, troubleshooting issues, and discovering creative inspiration.
Leverage Learning Resources: Immerse yourself in the wealth of learning resources available online. Many software companies offer comprehensive tutorials and guides that are specifically designed for their AI features. Additionally, online learning platforms like Skillshare, Lynda.com, and Coursera host courses on AI video editing techniques, taught by industry professionals. These resources can help you master the tools and techniques to elevate your video content.
Share Your Experience: As you embark on this journey, remember that your experiences are incredibly valuable to the broader creative community. Share your successes, challenges, and insights on how AI has impacted your video editing workflow. Whether through social media, blog posts, or video tutorials, your stories can inspire others and contribute to the collective understanding of AI’s role in creative video production.
Provide Feedback: Your feedback is crucial for the evolution of AI in video editing. Don’t hesitate to provide constructive feedback to software developers about your experiences with AI tools. Your insights can help shape the future development of these technologies, ensuring they continue to meet the needs of the creative community.
The AI video editing revolution is not just about adopting new technologies; it’s about reimagining the creative possibilities of video production. By experimenting with AI tools, engaging with the community, and sharing your experiences, you become a pioneer in this exciting field. So, take the leap, join the revolution, and discover how AI can transform your video editing workflow into something truly extraordinary.
